Thursday, July 30, 2015

Want to know some questions with answer of SEO

61 Answered Test Questions:

1. Which of the following factors have an impact on the Google Page Rank?

Answers:

• The total number of inbound links to a page of a web site

• The subject matter of the site providing the inbound link to a page of a web site

• The text used to describe the inbound link to a page of a web site

• The number of outbound links on the page that contains the inbound link to a page of a web site

2. If your site is not appearing in Google search results because of some unethical SEO practices in the recent past, _________________.

Answers:

• abandon and close your website permanently.

• modify the page contents, make them useful and relevant to the human users, and request Google to reconsider your site.

• start a PPC campaign to get your site included in the sponsored results.

• it is better to discontinue the website and shift your webpages to a fresh website with a new domain name.

3. What does the term Keyword Prominence refer to?

Answers:

• It refers to the fact that the importance of choosing high traffic keywords leads to the best return on investment

• It refers to the importance attached to getting the right keyword density

• It refers to the fact that the keywords placed in important parts of a webpage are given priority by the search engines

• It refers to the fact that the keywords in bold font are given priority by the search engines

4. What will happen if you type the words 'Certification -Networking' in the Google search box?

Answers:

• Google will find the web pages about Certification and also containing the word "Networking"

• Google will find all the web pages containing the words "Certification" and "Networking"

• Google will find all the web pages in which the words "Certification" and "Networking" appear together

• Google will find the web pages about Certification that do not contain the word Networking

5. Which black hat SEO technique is characterized by a method to deceive search engines, by detecting the search engine bot and "feeding" it with a different HTML code than the HTML actually served to users?

Answers:

• Coating

• Foisting

• Slighting

• Cloaking

6. Which of the following statements is correct with regard to the description meta tag?

Answers:

• It should be about 50 characters in length

• The description should not contain the keywords

• If the meta description is not included, the search engines will use the meta keywords for information

• Google uses the meta description to generate the search engine results pages

7. Which of the following factors contribute towards link popularity of a website?

Answers:

• The number of websites that link to it

• The number of pages of the website indexed by Google

• The number of pages in the website

• The quality of websites that link to it

8. Which of the following statements about the Google Sitemap are correct:

Answers:

• Repeated submission of the Sitemap to Google could be penalized

• It is possible to create and submit specialized Sitemaps to Google for Video and Mobile content

• The Sitemap acceptable to Google follows an XML format

9. Which of the following statements about Google's technical and quality guidelines are true?

Answers:

• It is advantageous if your web server supports the If-Modified-Since HTTP header

• If using dynamic pages, it helps to keep the parameters short and the number of them few

• Avoid using robots.txt to prevent crawling of search results pages or other auto-generated pages, even if they don't add much value for users coming from search engines

• Submitting new pages of your website at http://www.google.com/addurl.html as soon as they are online, helps to speed up indexing

10. Which of the following conditions will Google treat favorably from the 'Relevancy' perspective?

Answers:

• The website offering products and services to the visitors country

• A website that provides free content for the related keywords

• Hidden keywords on the home page matching the search term

• Image Alt tags on the home page matching the search term

11. Some words, when followed by a colon, have special meanings to Yahoo. What is performed by the link: operator?

Answers:

• It shows all the outbound links from the URL

• It shows how many pages of the site Yahoo is pointing to

• It shows all the pages that point to that URL

• It shows URLs with broken links

12. Search engines do not index some common words (such as "or", "and", "when", and "in") within the webpage. What are these common words called?

Answers:

• Barrier words

• Non-indexable words

• Slow words

• Stop words

13. Which of the following statements about search engine optimization techniques are correct:

Answers:

• Making a keyword bold does not influence the way that the search engine looks at the keyword

• Websites with deep linking are looked at favorably by search engines

• Search engine robots follow the first link they find to any particular page and they do not follow additional links to the same page

• It is not a good idea to have the same anchor text for all inbound links as it could look automated to the search engines

14. Which of the following can be termed as good keyword selection and placement strategies?

Answers:

• Targeting synonyms of the main keyword

• Targeting the highest searched keywords only

• Copying competitor keywords

• Optimizing five or more keywords per page

15. What is Keyword Density?

Answers:

• The number of times the keyword is used / (DIVIDED BY) the total word count on page - (MINUS)the total words in HTML on the page

• The number of times the keyword is used X (MULTIPLIED BY) the total word count on page

• The number of times the keyword is used in the page description

• The number of times the keyword is used in the page title

• The number of times the keyword is used and multiplied by hundred / (DIVIDED BY) the total word count on the page.

16. If a website's search engine saturation with respect to a particular search engine is 20%, what does it mean?

Answers:

• 20% of the webpages of the website have been indexed by the search engine

• Only 20% of the pages of the website will be indexed by the search engine

• 20% of the websites pages will never be indexed

• The website ranks in the first 20% of all websites indexed by the search engine for its most important search terms

17. _________________ use both crawlers and directories to generate relevant results.

Answers:

• Crawler-based Search Engines

• Human-Powered Directories

• Hybrid Search Engines

• Meta Search Engines

18. What term is commonly used to describe the shuffling of positions in search engine results in between major updates?

Answers:

• Waves

• Flux

• Shuffling

• Swaying

19. Which of the following statements about FFA pages are true?

Answers:

• They are greatly beneficial to SEO

• They are also called link farms

• They are paid listings

• They contain numerous inbound links

20. Which of the following actions could get you banned by Google?

Answers:

• Hiding text on the webpage

• Stuffing keywords on the webpage

• Linking to sites banned by Google

• None of the above

21. Which of the following website design guidelines have been recommended by Google?

Answers:

• Having a clear hierarchy and text links

• Every page should be reachable from at least one static text link

• If the site map is larger than 100 or so links, you should break the site map into separate pages

• Keeping the links on a given page to a reasonable number (fewer than 100)

• Use less than 30 images or graphics per page

22. While grading your website, Google gives credit to outbound links pointing to authority websites?

Answers:

• True

• False

23. Google looks down upon paid links for enhancing page rank. If a website sells links, what action/s does Google recommend to avoid being penalized?

Answers:

• The text of the paid links should state the words "paid text link" for Google to identify it as a paid link

• Only Paid text links to non profit websites should be accepted

• Paid links should be disclosed through the "rel=nofollow" attribute in the hyperlink

• Paid links should be disclosed through the "index=nofollow" attribute in the hyperlink

24. All major search engines are case sensitive.

Answers:

• True

• False

25. 10 people do a web search. In response, they see links to a variety of web pages. Three of the 10 people choose one particular link. That link then has a __________ click through rate.

Answers:

• less than 30%

• 30 percent

• more than 30%

26. Which of the following is an ethical SEO Technique?

Answers:

• Creating a subdomain with the hottest keyword and creating duplicate copies of existing pages on it

• Filling your pages with keywords, whether relevant to the page content or not

• Creating a page which serves a different content to the search engine bots and different to human users

• None of the above

27. What will the following robots.txt file do?

User-agent:Googlebot
Disallow:/*?
User-agent:Scooter
Disallow:

Answers:

• It will allow Google to crawl any of the dynamically generated pages. It will also allow the altavista scooter bot to access every page

• It will disallow Google from crawling any of the dynamically generated pages. It will also disallow the altavista scooter bot from accessing any page

• It will disallow Google from crawling any of the dynamically generated pages. It will allow the altavista scooter bot to access every page

• None of the above

28. What is Anchor Text?

Answers:

• It is the main body of text on a particular web page

• It is the text within the left or top panel of a web page

• It is the visible text that is hyper linked to another page

• It is the most prominent text on the page that the search engines use to assign a title to the page

29. Why is it a bad idea from the seo perspective to host free articles and write ups that are very common on the internet.

Answers:

• Because they will not lead to fresh traffic

• Because you could get penalized by search engines for using duplicate content

• Because you will not get the benefits of proper keyword targeting

• Because people could turn up claiming copy right infringement

30. Cloaking is a controversial SEO technique. What does it involve?

Answers:

• Increasing the keyword density on the web pages

• Offering a different set of web pages to the search engines

• Hiding the keywords within the webpage

• Creating multiple pages and hiding them from the website visitors

31. Which of the following statements is correct with regard to the images within a webpage?

Answers:

• Images cannot be spidered by the search engines

• Important keywords related to the image should be placed in the ALT text

• Images should always be kept close to the top of a webpage

• Image maps should be used while including the images

32. Which of the following statement about RSS is correct?

Answers:

• It is a form of XML

• It stands for Realtime streamlined syndication

• It is a good way of displaying static information

• It is a Microsoft technology

33. What is the function of "indexer" part of the Google search engine?

Answers:

• It helps to retrieve web pages from the world wide web

• It helps to gather information from other search engines

• It helps to sort the documents that Google has retrieved

• It helps to generate meaningful results based upon the user's search term

34. Which of the following free tools/websites could help you identify which city in the world has the largest search for the keyword - "six sigma"?

Answers:

• Yahoo Search Term Suggestion Tool

• Alexa

• Google Traffic Estimator

• Google Trends

• WordTracker

35. Do search engines such as Google detect unnatural linking patterns by checking the Class C IP address of the page where the link to the website originates?

Answers:

• Yes

• No

36. What does the 302 server response code signify?

Answers:

• It signifies conflict, too many people wanted the same file at the same time

• The page has been permanently removed

• The method you are using to access the file is not allowed

• The page has temporarily moved

• What you requested is just too big to process

37. While optimizing your website it is important to generate the right type of traffic, how does the Bounce Rate information help in this regard?

Answers:

• By letting you know the percentage of users who entered the website and then went on to visit additional pages

• By letting you know the percentage of users who entered the website and then left without viewing any other page

• By letting you know the percentage of users who decided to go back to the source from where they found your website

• By letting you know the percentage of users who left your website within 10 seconds of viewing the first page

38. Which of the following statements is correct with regard to natural links?

Answers:

• They are two way links (reciprocal links)

• They are from authority websites

• They are voluntary in nature

• They are from .edu or .gov extension websites

39. Which of the following facts about Alexa are correct?

Answers:

• Alexa provides free data on relative website visitor traffic

• Alexa and Quantcast provide information on visitor household incomes

• Alexa is biased towards US based traffic

• Quantcast only tracks people who have installed the Quantcast toolbar

40. Are RSS/Atom feeds returned in Google's search results?

Answers:

• Yes

• No

41. How are site maps important for the search engine optimization process?

Answers:

• Site maps help the search engine editorial staff to quickly go through a website, hence ensuring quicker placement

• Google gives credit to the websites having site maps. The GoogleBot looks for the keyword or title "Site Map" on the home page of a website.

• Site maps help the search engine spider pick up more pages from the website

• None of the above

42. Implementing a 301 Permanent Redirects on the old pages to redirect to the new pages is a good idea from the SEO perspective.

Answers:

• True

• False

43. What is the name of the search engine technology due to which a query for the word 'actor' will also show search results for related words such as actress, acting or act?

Answers:

• Spreading

• Dilating

• RSD (real time synonym detection)

• Stemming

• Branching

44. What is the illegal act of copying of a page by unauthorized parties in order to filter off traffic to another site called?

Answers:

• Trafficjacking

• Visitorjacking

• Viewjacking

• Pagejacking

45. Google gives priority to themed inbound links.

Answers:

• True

• False

46. What is the main reason for the effectiveness of optimizing a webpage towards a long tail keyword search?

Answers:

• There are more long tail searches than shorter keyword queries

• Search engines often pass on long tail searches to lesser known and new websites

• Search engines do not pass on long tail search traffic to websites that rank high for shorter keyword searches

• There are fewer websites that have targeted such keywords

47. Google displays up to _____ characters of a webpage's Title Tag.

Answers:

• 56

• 60

• 70

• 80

48. What is the term for Optimization strategies that are in an unknown area of reputability/validity?

Answers:

• Red hat techniques

• Silver hat techniques

• Grey hat techniques

• Shady hat techniques

49. A Hallway Page is used to:

Answers:

• Attract visitors from the search engines straight onto the Hallway Page

• Organize the Doorway Pages

• Help people navigate to different Doorway Pages

• Enable search engine bots to index the Doorway Pages

50. Which of the following search engines or directories provides the directory search results for Yahoo?

Answers:

• Windows Live

• Yahoo Directory

• Google

• Wikipedia

• DMOZ

51. _________ is usually the best web page to get linked to while receiving a themed in-bound link from another website.

Answers:

• The sitemap

• The contact page

• The home page

• The page which you would like to improve in the search engine rankings

52. The following robots meta tag directs the search engine bots:

<META NAME="robots" CONTENT="noindex,nofollow">

Answers:

• Not to index the homepage and not to follow the links in the page

• Not to index the page and not to follow the links in the page

• To index the page and not to follow the links in the page

• Not to index the page but to follow the links in the page

53. If you enter 'Help site:www.expertrating.com' in the Google search box, what will Google search for?

Answers:

• It will open up the Google help pages applicable to www.expertrating.com

• It will find pages about help within www.expertrating.com

• It will only find page titles about help within www.expertrating.com

• It will direct you to the request page for re-indexing of www.expertrating.com

54. Which of the following activities could be looked down upon by Google as per their quality guidelines?

Answers:

• Using automated website submission software

• Loading pages with irrelevant links

• Intentionally adding keywords to the TITLE tags and ALT attributes

• Registering misspellings of well-known websites

55. Which search engine technology prevents a website from appearing in numerous top positions in the search engine result pages?

Answers:

• Clustering

• Normalizing

• Sifting

• Combing

56. If you search for the term "iq test" in the Word Tracker keyword suggestion tool, will it return the number of independent searches for the term "iq"?

Answers:

• Yes

• No

57. Which of the following factors does Google take into account while assessing whether or not a website is an authority website?

Answers:

• The frequency with which the content of the website is updated

• The number of web pages containing relevant information on the main theme of the website

• The number of in-bound natural links related to the website's theme (or keywords)

• None of the above

58. State whether true or false.

The Yahoo Directory listing is a free service for commercial sites.

Answers:

• True

• False

59. State whether the following statement is true or false.

A Sitemap provides a list of internal links to user accessible pages on a website.

Answers:

• True

• False

60. Which of the following statements regarding website content are correct?

Answers:

• If you have two versions of a document on your website, Google recommends that you only allow the indexing of the better version

• Linking to a page inconsistently does not affect the way Google views the page/s. Examples of inconsistent linking could be http://www.expertrating.com/page/ and http://www.expertrating.com/page and http://www.expertrating.com/page/index.htm

• Syndicating your content could lead to Google viewing the material as duplicate

• Placeholders for pages which do not have content are never viewed as duplicate content by Google

61. Which of the following does Google uses to display characters of a web page's Title Tag?

Answers:

• Pixel Width

• Title Tag Character count

• None of the above

Wednesday, July 29, 2015

How to be a software engineer 16

HTML Images

Example

GIF Images

JPG Images

PNG Images

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<h2>Spectacular Mountain</h2>
<img src="pic_mountain.jpg" alt="Mountain View" style="width:304px;height:228px;">

</body>
</html>

HTML Images Syntax

In HTML, images are defined with the <img> tag.
The <img> tag is empty, it contains attributes only, and does not have a closing tag.
The src attribute specifies the URL (web address) of the image:

The alt Attribute

The alt attribute specifies an alternate text for an image, if the image cannot be displayed.
The alt attribute provides alternative information for an image if a user for some reason cannot view it (because of slow connection, an error in the src attribute, or if the user uses a screen reader).
If a browser cannot find an image, it will display the alt text:

Example

HTML Screen Readers

A screen reader is a software programs that can read what is displayed on a screen.
Screen readers are useful to people who are blind, visually impaired, or learning disabled.

Image Size - Width and Height

You can use the style attribute to specify the width and height of an image.
The values are specified in pixels (use px after the value):

Example

Alternatively, you can use width and height attributes. Here, the values are specified in pixels by default:

Example

Width and Height or Style?

Both the width, height, and style attributes are valid in the latest HTML5 standard.
We suggest you use the style attribute. It prevents styles sheets from changing the original size of images:

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
img {
width:100%;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<img src="html5.gif" alt="HTML5 Icon" style="width:128px;height:128px;">
<img src="html5.gif" alt="HTML5 Icon" width="128" height="128">

</body>
</html>

Images in Another Folder

If not specified, the browser expects to find the image in the same folder as the web page.
However, it is common to store images in a sub-folder. You must then include the folder name in the src attribute:

Example

Images on Another Server

Some web sites store their images on image servers.
Actually, you can access images from any web address in the world:

Example

Animated Images

The GIF standard allows animated images:

Example

Using an Image as a Link

To use an image as a link, simply nest the <img> tag inside the <a> tag:

Example

Image Floating

Use the CSS float property to let the image float.
The image can float to the right or to the left of a text:

Example

<img src="smiley.gif" alt="Smiley face" style="float:right;width:42px;height:42px;">
The image will float to the right of the text.



<img src="smiley.gif" alt="Smiley face" style="float:left;width:42px;height:42px;">
The image will float to the left of the text.

Image Maps

Use the <map> tag to define an image-map. An image-map is an image with clickable areas.
The name attribute of the <map> tag is associated with the <img>'s usemap attribute and creates a relationship between the image and the map.
The <map> tag contains a number of <area> tags, that defines the clickable areas in the image-map:

Example

Chapter Summary

Use the HTML <img> element to define an image
Use the HTML src attribute to define the URL of the image
Use the HTML alt attribute to define an alternate text for an image, if it cannot be displayed
Use the HTML width and height attributes to define the size of the image
Use the CSS width and height properties to define the size of the image (alternatively)
Use the CSS float property to let the image float
Use the HTML <map> element to define an image-map
Use the HTML <area> element to define the clickable areas in the image-map
Use the HTML <img>'s element usemap attribute to point to an image-map

HTML Image Tags

Tag	Description
<img>	Defines an image
<map>	Defines an image-map
<area>	Defines a clickable area inside an image-map

HTML Links

Links are found in nearly all web pages. Links allow users to click their way from page to page.

HTML Links - Hyperlinks

HTML links are hyperlinks.
A hyperlink is a text or an image you can click on, and jump to another document.

HTML Links - Syntax

In HTML, links are defined with the <a> tag:

Example

<a href="http://samimasultana.blogspot.com">Visit our HTML tutorial</a>

The href attribute specifies the destination address (http://samimasultana.blogspot.com..com/html/)
The link text is the visible part (Visit our HTML tutorial).
Clicking on the link text, will send you to the specified address.

Local Links

The example above used an absolute URL (A full web address).
A local link (link to the same web site) is specified with a relative URL (without http://www....).

Example

<a href="html_images.asp">HTML Images</a>

HTML Links - Colors

When you move the mouse over a link, two things will normally happen:

The mouse arrow will turn into a little hand
The color of the link element will change

By default, a link will appear like this (in all browsers):

An unvisited link is underlined and blue
A visited link is underlined and purple
An active link is underlined and red

You can change the default colors, by using styles:

Example

HTML Links - The target Attribute

The target attribute specifies where to open the linked document.
This example will open the linked document in a new browser window or in a new tab:

Example

<a href="http://www.samimasultana.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">Visit samimasultana!</a>

Target Value	Description
_blank	Opens the linked document in a new window or tab
_self	Opens the linked document in the same frame as it was clicked (this is default)
_parent	Opens the linked document in the parent frame
_top	Opens the linked document in the full body of the window
framename	Opens the linked document in a named frame

If your webpage is locked in a frame, you can use target="_top" to break out of the frame:

Example

<a href="http://www.samimasultana.blogspot.com/html/" target="_top">HTML5 tutorial!</a>

HTML Links - Image as Link

It is common to use images as links:

Example

HTML Links - Create a Bookmark

HTML bookmarks are used to allow readers to jump to specific parts of a Web page.
Bookmarks are practical if your website has long pages.
To make a bookmark, you must first create the bookmark, and then add a link to it.
When the link is clicked, the page will scroll to the location with the bookmark.

Example

First, create a bookmark with the id attribute:

<h2 id="tips">Useful Tips Section</h2>

Then, add a link to the bookmark ("Useful Tips Section"), from within the same page:

<a href="#tips">Visit the Useful Tips Section</a>

Or, add a link to the bookmark ("Useful Tips Section"), from another page:

Chapter Summary

Use the HTML <a> element to define a link
Use the HTML href attribute to define the link address
Use the HTML target attribute to define where to open the linked document
Use the HTML <img> element (inside <a>) to use an image as a link
Use the HTML id attribute (id="value") to define bookmarks in a page
Use the HTML href attribute (href="#value") to link to the bookmark

HTML Link Tags

Tag	Description
<a>	Defines a hyperlink

Funny videos in cricket grounds

Funny videos in cricket grounds.

Wednesday, July 22, 2015

কবিতা

এইতো বেশ

এইতো বেশ শুধু

নিজের সাথে নিজে কথা বলা।

গুন গুনিয়া

এলোমেলো ভাবে পথচলা।

ঝরে পরা ফুলে মুঠোভরে

ছরিয়ে দেয়া আকাশ পাণে।

লজ্জাবতি দেখতে পেলে

স্পর্ষ করা বারে বারে।

এইতো বেশ একা

নদীর কূ্লে বসে খেলা করা।

ইচ্ছে মত যত খুশি

কাঁদা গায়ে মাখা।

How to be a software engineer 14

How to be a software engineer 13

HTML Comments

Comment tags  are used to insert comments in HTML.

HTML Comment Tags

You can add comments to your HTML source by using the following syntax:

<!-- Write your comments here -->

With comments you can place notifications and reminders in your HTML:Comments are not displayed by the browser, but they can help document your HTML.

Example

<!-- This is a comment -->

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

<!-- Remember to add more information here -->

Comments are also great for debugging HTML, because you can comment out HTML lines of code, one at a time, to search for errors:

Example

<!-- Do not display this at the moment
<img border="0" src="pic_mountain.jpg" alt="Mountain">
-->

Conditional Comments

You might stumble upon conditional comments in HTML:

<!--[if IE 8]>
    .... some HTML here ....
<![endif]-->

Conditional comments defines HTML tags to be executed by Internet Explorer only.

Software Program Tags

HTML comments tags can also be generated by various HTML software programs.

For example  tags wrapped inside HTML comments by FrontPage and Expression Web.

As a rule, let these tags stay, to help support the software that created them.

নিয়তির মোড়কে ভালবাসার হাল

ছোট একটা শহর । এই শহরে বাস করে নদী আর কাজল । আজ সারাদিন শহরের আকাশ মেঘে ঢাকা, মাঝে মাঝেই অঝোড় ধারায় বৃষটি হচছে । মনে হয় ওদের কষটে আজ আকাশও কাঁদছে । কারন আজ এমন একটা দিন যেদিন কাজল নদীকে ছেড়ে চলে যাচেছ অনেক দুরে, এতটাই দুরে যে অত্যাধুনিক প্রযুকতিও তাকে আর ধরতে পারবে না । সব কিছু যে এভাবে নিমীষে ভেঙ্গে যাবে কেউ ভাবতে পারেনি। কিনতু নিয়তি!এই নিয়তির কাছে হার মেনে কত হিদয় প্রতিনিয়ত টুকরো টুকরো হচছে কে রাখে সেই খবর?

চলবে.................

Sunday, July 12, 2015

English language: Using articles

Easy ways to remember the uses of articles a,an,the.

This time I write this about articles using. Please do not laugh, though it is so easiest part of English Grammar but its create so many confusions. Many of us like non-native English speakers think this system is so intricate and often characteristics , basically it is difficult for us. This handout explains three basic rules which are the foundation of the articles systems and two basic questions that will help you to choose the correct article in your writing.

Three basic rules of Articles :

All of them everywhere.
One of many.
Exactly this one.

This is a simple list, but understanding it and remembering it is crucial to using articles correctly.
Rule # 1: All time a noun is mentioned, the writer is referring to:

All of them everywhere,
One of many, or
This one exactly

Rule # 2: All kind of reference has a choice of articles:

All of them everywhere…(Ø, a/an, the)
One of many……………..(Ø, a/an)
This one exactly…………(Ø, the)

(Ø = no article)

Rule # 3: The choice of article depends upon the noun and the background, Basic questions help us to select articles. In that case we have to know about noun. This will be clarified more fully below.

Basic questions

To find out the best article, ask own self these questions:

“What do I mean? Do I mean all of them everywhere, one of many, or this one exactly?”
“What kind of noun is it? Is it countable or not? Is it singular or plural? Does it have any special rules?”

Your answers to these questions will generally settle on the correct article choice, and the following sections will show you how.

When you mean “all of them everywhere”

Talking about “all of them everywhere” is also called “generic reference.” We use it to make generalizations: to say something true of all the nouns in a particular group, like an entire species of animal.
When you mean “all of them everywhere,” you have three article choices: Ø, a/an, the. The choice of article depends on the noun. Ask yourself, “What kind of noun is it?”

Non-count nouns = no article (Ø)

a. Length is measured in kilometer.

b. Money makes the world go around.

Plural nouns = no article (Ø)

a. Volcanoes are formed by pressure under the earth’s surface.

b. Tom and Mike have eaten their meal.

Singular nouns = the

a. The computer is a wonderful invention.

b. The elephant lives in family groups.

Note: We use this form (the + singular) most often in technical and scientific writing to generalize about classes of animals, body organs, plants, musical instruments, and complex inventions. We do not use this form for simple inanimate objects, like books or coat racks. For these objects, use (Ø + plural).

Singular nouns = a/an (when a single example represents the entire group)

a. A rose by any other name would still smell as sweet.

b. A doctor is a highly educated person. Generally speaking, a doctor also has tremendous earning potential.

How do you know it’s generic? The “all…everywhere” test

Here’s a simple test you can use to identify generic references while you’re reading. To use this test, substitute “all [plural noun] everywhere” for the noun phrase. If the statement is still true, it’s probably a generic reference.

Example:

A whale protects its young—”All whales everywhere” protect their young. (true—generic reference)

A whale is grounded on the beach—”All whales everywhere” are grounded on the beach. (not true, so this is not a generic reference; this “a” refers to “one of many”)

You’ll probably find generic references most often in the introduction and conclusion sections and at the beginning of a paragraph that introduces a new topic.

When you mean “one of many”

Talking about “one of many” is also called “indefinite reference.” We use it when the noun’s exact identity is unknown to one of the participants: the reader, the writer, or both. Sometimes it’s not possible for the reader or the writer to identify the noun exactly; sometimes it’s not important. In either case, the noun is just “one of many.” It’s “indefinite.”
When you mean “one of many,” you have two article choices: Ø, a/an. The choice of article depends on the noun. Ask yourself, “What kind of noun is it?”

Non-count nouns = no article (Ø)

a. Our science class mixed boric acid with water today.

b. We serve bread and water on weekends.

Plural nouns = no article (Ø)

a. We’re happy when people bring cookies!

b. We need volunteers to help with community events.

Singular nouns = a/an

a. Bring an umbrella if it looks like rain.

b. You’ll need a visa to stay for more than ninety days.

Note: We use many different expressions for an indefinite quantity of plural or non-count nouns. Words like “some,” “several,” and “many” use no article (e.g., We need some volunteers to help this afternoon. We really need several people at 3:00.) One exception: “a few” + plural noun (We need a few people at 3:00.)
In certain situations, we always use “a” or “an.” These situations include:

Referring to something that is one of a number of possible things.

Example: My lab is planning to purchase a new microscope. (Have you chosen one yet? No, we’re still looking at a number of different models.)

Referring to one specific part of a larger quantity.

Example: Can I have a bowl of cereal and a slice of toast? (Don’t you want the whole box of cereal and the whole loaf of bread? No, thanks. Just a bowl and a slice will be fine.)

With certain indefinite quantifiers.

Example: We met a lot of interesting people last night. (You can also say “a bunch of” or “a ton of” when you want to be vague about the exact quantity. Note that these expressions are all phrases: a + quantifier + of.)

Exception: “A few of” does not fit this category. See Number 8 in the next section for the correct usage of this expression.

Specifying information associated with each item of a grouping.

Example: My attorney asked for $200 an hour, but I’ll offer him $200 a week instead. (In this case, “a” can substitute for the word “per.”)

Introducing a noun to the reader for the first time (also called “first mention”). Use “the” for each subsequent reference to that noun if you mean “this one exactly.”

Example: I presented a paper last month, and my advisor wants me to turn the paper into an article. If I can get the article written this semester, I can take a break after that! I really need a break!

Note: The writer does not change from “a break” to “the break” with the second mention because she is not referring to one break in particular (“this break exactly”). It’s indefinite—any break will be fine!!

When you mean “this one exactly”

Talking about “this one exactly” is also called “definite reference.” We use it when both the reader and the writer can identify the exact noun that is being referred to.
When you mean “this one exactly,” you have two article choices: Ø, the. The choice of article depends on the noun and on the context. Ask yourself, “What kind of noun is it?”

(Most) Proper nouns = no article (Ø)

a. My research will be conducted in Luxembourg.

b. Dr. Homer inspired my interest in Ontario.

Note: Some proper nouns do require “the.” See the special notes on nouns below.

Non-count nouns = the

a. Step two: mix the water with the boric acid.

b. The laughter of my children is contagious.

Plural nouns = the

a. We recruited the nurses from General Hospital.

b. The projects described in your proposal will be fully funded.

Singular nouns = the

a. Bring the umbrella in my closet if it looks like rain.

b. Did you get the visa you applied for?

In certain situations, we always use “the” because the noun or the context makes it clear that we’re talking about “this one exactly.” The context might include the words surrounding the noun or the context of knowledge that people share. Examples of these situations include:

Unique nouns

a. The earth rotates around the sun.

b. The future looks bright!

Shared knowledge (both participants know what’s being referred to, so it’s not necessary to specify with any more details)

a. The boss just asked about the report.

b. Meet me in the parking lot after the show.

Second mention (with explicit first mention)

a. I found a good handout on English articles. The handout is available online.

b. You can get a giant ice cream cone downtown. If you can eat the cone in five seconds, you get another one free.

Second mention (with implied first mention—this one is very, very common)

a. Dr. Frankenstein performed a complicated surgery. He said the patient is recovering nicely. (“The patient” is implied by “surgery”—every surgery has a patient.)

b. My new shredder works fabulously! The paper is completely destroyed. (Again, “the paper” is implied by “shredder.”)

Ordinals and superlatives (first, next, primary, most, best, least, etc.)

a. The first man to set foot on the moon…

b. The greatest advances in medicine…

Specifiers (sole, only, principle, etc.)

a. The sole purpose of our organization is…

b. The only fact we need to consider is…

Restricted (words, phrases, or clauses that restrict the noun to one definite meaning)

a. Study the chapter on osmosis for the test tomorrow.

b. Also study the notes you took at the lecture that Dr. Science gave yesterday.

Plural nouns in partitive -of phrases (phrases that indicate parts of a larger whole) (Note: Treat “of the” as a chunk in these phrases—both words in or both words out)

a. Most of the international students (emphasis on part of the group)

b. Most international students (emphasis on the group as a whole)

c. Several of the risk factors (emphasis on part of the group)

d. Several risk factors (emphasis on the group as a whole)

e. A few of the examples (emphasis on part of the group)

f. A few examples (emphasis on the group as a whole)

Article flowchart

For the more visually oriented, this flowchart sketches out the basic rules and basic questions.

Seven wonders: Taj Mahal

Taj Mahal

This is one of the wonder of the world named TAJMOHOL. Tajmahal is a symbol of love and situated in India. Shah Jahan the Mughal emperor built it at Agra in India between 1631 to 1648. It is also a historic symbol of the jewels of muslim art in India. Shah Jahan built it in a memory of his wife. Though she was his third wife but more favorite. She died in the time of childbirth.

Taj Mahal is the rare and finest example of mughal architecture. Its a style that combines from Turkish,Persian and Indian architectures. Shah Jahan came to power in 1622 when he seized from his father, while killing his brothers to ensure his claim to rule. He was known as a cruel leader. But he redeemed himself by his generosity to the poor and his friends, by his passion in adorning India with some of its most beautiful architecture, and by his devoting to his wife Momtaz Mahal who was the symbol of Ornament of the palace.Shah Jahan married her when he was only 21 years. But in this time he had two children by an earlier consort. In eighteen years, Mumtaz gave her husband fourteen children. But she died at her final child. When he was 39 years old.

Many architects have rated it as the most perfect of all buildings standing on the earth. Three artists designed it. they are Persian, Italian and Frenchman. But the design is completely Mohammedan. Even the skilled artisans who built it were brought in from Baghdad, Constantinople, and other centers of the Muslim faith. For 22 years more than 20,000 workers were forced to build Taj Mahal. The Maharaj of Joipur share the marble as a gift to Shah Jahan. In today's currency the building cost more than $200,000,000.The tomb is the central focus of the entire complex of the Taj Mahal. This big, white marble structure stands on a square plinth consists of a symmetrical building with an iwan topped by a big dome and finial. Like most mughal tombs, the basic elements were Persian.

The Taj Mahal complex is bounded on 3 sides by great walls,with the river facing side left open. Out side the walls are several additional mausoleums ,including those of Shah Jahan's other wives, and a larger tomb for Mumtaz's favorite servant. These structure's composed primarily of red sandstone, are typical of the smaller Mughal tombs of the era. The garden-facing inner sides of the wall are fronted by columned arcades, a featur typical of Hindu temples which was later incorporated into Mughal Mosque. the wall is interspersed with domed chapattis and small buildings that may have been viewing areas or which towers like the music house, which is now used as a museum.

HTML Computer Code Elements

Computer Code

var person = {
    firstName:"John",
    lastName:"Doe",
    age:50,
    eyeColor:"blue"
}

HTML Computer Code Formatting

Normally, HTML uses variable letter size, and variable letter spacing.
This is not wanted when displaying examples of computer code.
The <kbd>, <samp>, and <code> elements all support fixed letter size and spacing.

HTML Keyboard Formatting

The HTML <kbd> element defines keyboard input:

Example

To open a file, select:

<kbd>File | Open...</kbd>

HTML Sample Formatting

The HTML <samp> element defines a computer output:

Example

<samp>
demo.example.com login: Apr 12 09:10:17
Linux 2.6.10-grsec+gg3+e+fhs6b+nfs+gr0501+++p3+c4a+gr2b-reslog-v6.189
</samp>

HTML Code Formatting

The HTML <code> element defines programming code:

Example

<code>
var person = { firstName:"John", lastName:"Doe", age:50, eyeColor:"blue" }
</code>

The <code> element does not preserve extra whitespace and line-breaks:

Example

Coding Example:

<code>
var person = {
 firstName:"John",
 lastName:"Doe",
 age:50,
 eyeColor:"blue"
}
</code>

To fix this, you must wrap the code in a <pre> element:

Example

Coding Example:

<code>
<pre>
var person = {
 firstName:"John",
 lastName:"Doe",
 age:50,
 eyeColor:"blue"
}
</pre>
</code>

HTML Variable Formatting

The HTML <var> element defines a mathematical variable:

Example

Einstein wrote:

<var>E = m c2</var>

HTML Computer Code Elements

Tag	Description
<code>	Defines programming code
<kbd>	Defines keyboard input
<samp>	Defines computer output
<var>	Defines a mathematical variable
<pre>	Defines preformatted text

My fun world: Funny fighting of Dog VS Cat.

Funny fighting of Dog VS Cat.

How to be a software engineer 11

How to be a software engineer 10

HTML Text Formatting Elements

Text Formatting

This text is bold

This text is italic

This is ^superscript

HTML Formatting Elements

In the previous chapter, you learned about HTML styling, using the HTML style attribute.
HTML also defines special elements, for defining text with a special meaning.
HTML uses elements like and for formatting output, like bold or italic text.
Formatting elements were designed to display special types of text:

Bold text
Important text
Italic text
Emphasized text
Marked text
Small text
Deleted text
Inserted text
Subscripts
Superscripts

HTML Bold and Strong Formatting

The HTML  element defines bold text, without any extra importance.

Example

This text is normal.

This text is bold.

The HTML  element defines strong text, with added semantic "strong" importance.

Example

This text is normal.

This text is strong.

HTML Italic and Emphasized Formatting

The HTML  element defines italic text, without any extra importance.

Example

This text is normal.

This text is italic.

The HTML  element defines emphasized text, with added semantic importance.

Example

This text is normal.

This text is emphasized.

	Browsers display <strong> as <b>, and <em> as <i>. However, there is a difference in the meaning of these tags: <b> and <i> defines bold and italic text, but <strong> and <em> means that the text is "important".

HTML Small Formatting

The HTML  element defines small text:

Example

<h2>HTML Small Formatting</h2>

HTML Marked Formatting

The HTML  element defines marked or highlighted text:

Example

<h2>HTML Marked Formatting</h2>

HTML Deleted Formatting

The HTML <del> element defines deleted (removed) of text.

Example

My favorite color is <del>blue</del> red.

HTML Inserted Formatting

The HTML <ins> element defines inserted (added) text.

Example

My favorite <ins>color</ins> is red.

HTML _Subscript Formatting

The HTML  element defines subscripted text.

Example

This is subscripted text.

HTML ^Superscript Formatting

The HTML  element defines superscripted text.

Example

This is superscripted text.

HTML Text Formatting Elements

Tag	Description
<b>	Defines bold text
<em>	Defines emphasized text
<i>	Defines italic text
<small>	Defines smaller text
<strong>	Defines important text
<sub>	Defines subscripted text
<sup>	Defines superscripted text
<ins>	Defines inserted text
<del>	Defines deleted text
<mark>	Defines marked/highlighted text

Pages

Thursday, July 30, 2015

Wednesday, July 29, 2015

HTML Images

Example

GIF Images

JPG Images

PNG Images

HTML Images Syntax

The alt Attribute

Example

HTML Screen Readers

Image Size - Width and Height

Example

Example

Width and Height or Style?

Example

Images in Another Folder

Example

Images on Another Server

Example

Animated Images

Example

Using an Image as a Link

Example

Image Floating

Example

Image Maps

Example

Chapter Summary

HTML Image Tags

HTML Links

HTML Links - Hyperlinks

HTML Links - Syntax

Example

Local Links

Example

HTML Links - Colors

Example

HTML Links - The target Attribute

Example

Example

HTML Links - Image as Link

Example

HTML Links - Create a Bookmark

Example

Chapter Summary

HTML Link Tags

Sunday, July 26, 2015

Wednesday, July 22, 2015

Thursday, July 16, 2015

HTML Comments

HTML Comment Tags

Example

Example

Conditional Comments

Software Program Tags

Tuesday, July 14, 2015

Sunday, July 12, 2015

Basic questions

When you mean “all of them everywhere”

How do you know it’s generic? The “all…everywhere” test

When you mean “one of many”

When you mean “this one exactly”

Article flowchart

Thursday, July 9, 2015

HTML Computer Code Elements

Computer Code

HTML Computer Code Formatting

HTML Keyboard Formatting

Example

HTML Sample Formatting

Example

HTML Code Formatting

Example

Example

Example

HTML Variable Formatting

Example

HTML Computer Code Elements

HTML _Subscript Formatting

HTML ^Superscript Formatting